The emission value is based on a life cycle assessment conducted by Apple, and refers to an  iPhone 13 Pro with 128 GB of storage (Apple, 2021b). The emission value includes energy consumption in the factory and in the extraction and refinement of raw materials. Additionally, emissions from the transportation of materials and components to the factory, as well as the transportation of the finished phone to stores, are included. Emissions that occur during the phone’s usage (e.g., during charging) and from waste management and recycling after the phone is discarded, are not included.